Communication And Cell Phones The Evolution Of...

The evolution of social interaction, like so much of human existence, usually takes place over multiple generations. However, the advent of mobile cellular devices and their proliferating ownership and use has altered social interaction dramatically in the last decade; communication never stops. Instead of looking ahead while walking and engaging with other pedestrians, many people are looking down and interacting with their mobile device. Texting while driving is such a significant problem that 48 states, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands have laws banning and/or restricting it (Cellular p2). The sight of a group of people enjoying a conversation without using their cellphones is virtually obsolete.†¦show more content†¦In January 2007, Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone and declared that â€Å"this will change everything† (Planet p1). This tautology, as it turns out, may have been more prophecy than mere introduction and begs t he question of whether those involved in its infancy critically and judiciously thought through all potential ramifications of the technology on our society. Today, approximately 77% of Americans own a smartphone, an increase from 35% in 2011 and in the 18-29-year-old age group, that statistic soars to 92% (Smith p3-4). Interestingly this age-group encompasses the Millennial generation who are often thought of as â€Å"digital natives,† those who grew up with this kind of available technology. Among this age-group, over 80% use texting as their first choice in contacting friends (Hyman p5) and approximately 90% have one or more social media accounts (Meyer p5). With the onslaught of instantaneous digital communication available every moment of every day, it is not surprising to see adaptation. When texting, the English language has changed to such a degree that, visually, it barely resembles its origin. Writing for Parenting Magazine, Tahnk gives us an all-to-real example of this: â€Å"UGTBK, OMG! ALOL!!! GTG, MOS†¦TMB L8R, K?† (p1). Initially unintelligible, this communication strand â€Å"translates† to: You’ve got to be kidding, oh my God! Got to go, Mom over shoulder†¦Text me back later,Show MoreRelatedTelephone Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagespeople to maintain long distance friendships/relationships. Most communication occurred through letters and telegraphs. Can you imagine not being able to hear the voice of loved ones for long periods of time? On March 10, 1876 the first initial speech was transmitted by Alexander Graham Bell by using electricity. Even though it did not instantly revolutionize th e world, it started a course that would change the future of communication. This occurred when Bell was doing experiments with electricalRead MoreThe Cell Phone Evolution Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cell Phone Evolution Table of Contents THE BEGINNING 3 A NEW WAY TO COMMUNICATE 4 PRESENT CELL PHONES 6 FUTURE CELL PHONES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 The Cell Phone Evolution THE BEGINNING Over a century ago, Alexander Graham Bell changed the way people communicated with each other. Back when he invented the phone in 1876, no one could imagine that over the next century, his invention would change the way societies interactRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Our Lives1402 Words   |  6 Pagesrelying on more of these resources because it makes their life easier. However, technology is slowly hurting a ton of people by being smartphone dependent, reducing our communication skills and disabling people from being productive. Many people are dependent on their smartphones. First of all, various who uses these cell phones are regularly on it twenty four- seven. These problems arise on ignoring the people nearby and not paying attention to the surroundings while they are moving from one placeRead MoreCell Phone Evolution: Good and Bad1252 Words   |  6 PagesCell Phone Evolution: Good and Bad Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the world has become a smaller and faster place. The time used to travel to far distances has decreased. The growth of new technologies, traveling and communicating has become simple daily tasks for many people. Through the growth of global communication, people have become closer to others across the globe, and business has gone world wide. One invention that came along with the technological revolution is theRead MoreEfficient Business Communications in Companies Today Means Full Use of Social Media and Modern Technologies1411 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Communication is one of the most important factors in any organization or relationship. It is â€Å"the process of people sharing thoughts, ideas, information and feelings with each other in commonly understandable ways† (Hamilton, 2011, p. 3). When you can communicate properly in a business then it runs smoothly without communicational mistakes and misinterpretation. The main purpose of efficient business communications is to generate a positive, reliable and consistent reputation withRead MoreA Proposal : A Modest Proposal1028 Words   |  5 Pagesand sprinting to our phones the very moment we receive a text message. Instead, we should be taking the time to notice our breathtaking surroundings. But looking right and left, all we encounter is a head tilted down, eyes mesmerized by a square glass screen, and the continuous motion of shuffling fingers smudging the screen. Nowadays we allow our thumbs to do all of the talking without a single ounce of resistance, hooking on to every last word sent through a tiny electronic box that can neitherRead MoreImpact of the Technology on Each Individual’s Behavior1129 Words   |  5 Pagesrecognize that it is a language evolution. And when it comes to cultures and lack of technology in the early days, Charles McGrath’s â€Å"The Pleasures of the Text† talk about the limitation of texts and the cultural reasons, so the abbreviations have start been using. The Campus Times keep talking about the abbreviations and the influences on today’s language. By CQ Researcher, it says people today are more connected than ever, and each individual relies on the cell phones to work, entertain, and evenRead MoreDigital Jewellery1509 Words   |  7 PagesDIGITAL JEWELLERY MADE POSSIBLE USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS PAPER SUBMITTED BY Praneeth Surapaneni  ¾ IT ANITS VISAKHAPATNAM E-MAIL:praneeth1000@gmail.com PH.NO  :9908033043 ABSTRACT Mobile computing is beginning to break the chains that tie us to our desks, but many of todays mobile devices can still be a bit awkward to carry around. In the next age of computing, there will be an explosion of computer parts across our bodies, rather than across our desktops. Basically, jewellery adorns theRead MoreThe National Security Scam1117 Words   |  4 Pagesintelligence and counterintelligence purposes† (Nsa 1). Following 9/11, the Bush administration created the USA PATRIOT Act, established in a time of distress. â€Å"The USA PATRIOT Act, giving the government the power to search phone records, emails, and other forms of communication to gather intelligence† (Nsa 1). It lives on today under the control of President Obama who has forged compliances with big name companies to access intelligence on all scales in a primarily digital world. Considering the powerRead MoreMobile Technology Is An Imperative Industry Today1188 Words   |  5 Pages the one exper iencing the most rapid change. Every aspect of ordinary life in developed countries depends on cell phones: the freedom to change social plans on a whim, relying on GPS (Global Positioning System) to navigate people to unfamiliar destinations, and most of all raising productivity expectations to a staggering standard. Its invention came about to serve specific communication purposes; the initial pioneers in this field underestimated the massive impact, good and bad, mobile technology

Resolving Internal And External Conflicts - 1496 Words

Having the skills to resolve internal and external conflicts effectively is one of the biggest challenges faced by organizations in today’s business world. In most cases, mediators are needed to attain success in conflict issues. They are vital to success as they act as they act as neutral parties to analyze a conflict by listening to both parties and coming up with a solution. The mediator is completely impartial (neutral) person(s) who probably doesn’t know either party, but will act as a middle person that listens to both sides of the situation from the two and see if any middle ground opportunities for some kind of arrangement, acceptable to both sides, which will in part or fully help to resolve the situation. By so doing, a mediator functions as an intermediary. A mediator talks to parties in separate rooms and never allows shouting or interruption from disputants facing each other. In fact, it is needless allowing disputants to be in the same room at all. The rol e of the mediator is to â€Å"shuttle† or go between the parties. However, this paper will describe a work-related conflict experience where a mediator was used to resolve the conflict, define the role of a mediator, explain the types of data a mediator may choose to gather and analyze when conducting a session to reduce or eliminate the conflict, assess how the information is utilized in a mediation plan by providing a detailed example of each. Definition of the Mediator A mediator is one thatShow MoreRelatedResolving Internal And External Conflicts1496 Words   |  6 PagesHaving the skills to resolve internal and external conflicts effectively is one of the biggest challenges faced by organizations in today’s business world. In most cases, mediators are needed to attain success in conflict issues. They are vital to success as they act as they act as neutral parties to analyze a conflict by listening to both parties and coming up with a solution. The mediator is completely impartial (neutral) person(s) who probably doesn’t know either party, but will act as a middleRead MoreResolving Internal And External Conflicts1482 Words   |  6 PagesHaving the skills to resolve internal and external conflicts effectively is one of the biggest challenges faced by organizations in today’s business world. In most cases, to attain success in conflict issues, mediators are needed. They are vital to success as they act as they act as neutral parties to analyze a conflict by listening to both parties and coming up with a solution. The mediator is completely impartial (neutral) person(s) who probably does not know either party, but will act as a middleRead MoreStudy Questions for Disguises by Jean Fong Kwok Essay599 Words   |  3 Pageslike before. She lives with a different perspective than the other people on the train, and leads by example. Q: Why do you think this story is titled â€Å"Disguises†? A: The word â€Å"disguises† is significant because it can describe Mrs. Chen’s external and internal situation. A disguise is used to hide or cover something up. In this case, Mrs. Chen tries to hide from the present world by reliving the past. She is physically in a place where everything is foreign, from the language to the treatment ofRead MoreAuditors And The International Financial Reporting Standards1703 Words   |  7 Pagesdispute, the companies and the auditor should consider alternative dispute resolving mechanisms which are faster, less expensive and less adversarial than traditional litigation. Reason for Conflict: Audited financial statements may be a source of dispute between the auditor and management. The process of audit resolution would entail negotiating them. Knapp (1985, p. 202) proposes the way that auditors approach these conflicts play a big role on the auditors independence and the content of the resultsRead MoreLeadership Application For Leadership Applications987 Words   |  4 Pages In order to become more effective at leadership applications, people must learn how to more effectively communicate, listen, and embrace a variety of diverse perspectives. Positively influencing both internal and external variables on personal and professional levels require the attainment of individual and self-awareness. Having gained a relatively broad-based awareness for many diverse perspectives, all of which are very much applicable towards enhancing efficiency, effectiveness, and overallRead MoreIntroduction. Conflict Is Inevitable, Be It In The Workplace1175 Words   |  5 PagesIntrodu ction Conflict is inevitable, be it in the workplace or outside the work place. The reason is that people are from diverse backgrounds and thus have different ideas and opinions. In the workplace, employees are expected to work together towards achieving the company’s goals. The management needs to find ways to resolve conflicts that may arise so as to ensure that there is increased production. Conflict management is important and it entails being able to identify and handle conflicts in a mannerRead MoreThe Summaries Four Types Of Temperaments788 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluating a change, an artisan can assist in implanting a needed change in a timely fashion. The idealist avoids conflict and confrontation because it upsets them. They put up barriers between people. They also have the tendency to focus on what might be rather than what is. This would cause a conflict to my guardian personality. Guardian leaders deal with confrontation by systematically resolving the problem and focusing on the here and now rather than what might be. An idealist act in good conscious asRead MoreMalaysia s Approach On Resolving The South China Sea1212 Words   |  5 Pages Malaysia’s Approach on Resolving the South China Sea (SCS) Disputes CDR Mohamad Hasli bin Abu Hassan RMN Defense Language Institute English Language Center During his keynote address at the opening of the 30th Asia-Pacific roundtable, the Malaysian Prime Minister said, â€Å"We will continue to rely on diplomacy and dialogue to peacefully resolve difference and disputes. We will do so in accordance with and in adherence to the norms, customs, and principles of international law (Cheng,Read MoreCase Study : Course Work Of Project Management1573 Words   |  7 Pagesand Rachel. They are hiring an external company for Planning and Designing the plan. Below is the overview of the process: 1.1 Planning In this Project, Planning needs to be accurate to fulfill the timeframe. Following is the Project steps plan: Plan from 01/01/2015 to 31/03/2015 Tasks Start Date End Date Days Final The message to launch to customers 1/1/2015 6/1/2015 4 Meetings with external company for discussing requirements 1/1/2015 9/1/2015 6 External Company work Sprint-1 12/1/2015Read MoreManagerial Interventions in Third Party Conflicts2034 Words   |  9 PagesSummary of the article The article â€Å"Managing conflict: Third-party interventions for managers† delineates the essential steps followed by a manager in effectively and efficiently managing organizational conflict and the various approaches adopted for its resolution. It identifies certain key variables to consider for each step of the decision process concerning intervention and presents guidelines for making appropriate choices. It also describes a variety of pitfalls that a manager must beware

E-Business Applications Internet Things

Question: Discuss about theE-Business Applications for Internet Things. Answer: Introduction E-business mainly includes the operational activities and management issues using internet things and follows big data management; which in simpler words is referred to as performing business through the web (Curty and Zhang, 2013, pp.260). The business procedure mainly includes the buying and selling of products and managing the informational flow through internet tools. This archetype includes data management, information practices, storage of data, secure shell environment, and encryption of information in safe context according to legislative context framed by government agencies. Other business requirement includes provision of providing customer service, partnership with business collaborators, transaction of payments, and recruitment of vendors or suppliers, via the same provision and that the data management will incur above described operational tools (Bertarelli, 2015, pp. 75). One of the examples of such e-business is e-bay Australia, which is an international market over internet. According to a current survey, it has been estimated that there are around 95 million regular users of e-bay Australia. It is worth mentioning that approximately 2500 sellers in Australia earn their primary source of income through e-bay. The scope of the present report is further based on the description of e-business, thereby focusing on elements like (i) application of e-commerce mechanism; (ii) marketing strategies; (iii) supply chain management strategies; and (iv) related architecture that supports these operational management issues. The discussion scope is being elaborated taking the example of e-bay, Australia, as an example and underpinning the e-business strategies employed herewith. Finally, based on the understanding and discussion context, a section comprising of recommendation for a set of actions and activities that can make the e-business activity more efficient is also discussed. Ease of Use of E-commerce Sites The e-bay Australia sites are much easier to use and that it provides an opportunity to be operated by any new user. They are so designed and programmed that the targeted customers can easily search and buy their desired products quickly. The customers are able to view the product categories and subcategories at the home page of the site and with simple navigation it gives the detailed information (Le-Nguyen and Guo, 2016, pp.1). This is reflective of architecture making use of cloud computing in which large data flow can be managed in a small internet traffic approach. It also provides an option for view the history of the recently viewed products, which prevent customers from navigating back as well as collect further information for customer choice and option which can be later used for market research. Notably, the search data of any customer remains secure and private to that customer itself. The products sold on this site are authenticated and have a comprehensive warranty as p er the collaborative informational sharing with vendors (Bertarelli, 2015, pp. 75). Additionally, provides an option for the users to use Photobucket,' which allows uploading and downloading images of products on the e-bay site that helps in attracting customers and providing them a precise set of information (Bones and Hammersley, 2015). Applications of E-commerce One of the critical application is e-bay merchandising API, which is being used by E-bay developers to highlight the products and items which are popular among customers (Curty and Zhang, 2013, pp.260). It helps to recover significant data of goods or items present in E-bay such that the users can merchandise more sellers to the buyers. Further applications of e-commerce is nowadays used in most of the business includes (Gallo, Randazzo and Gallo, 2016): Retail or wholesale through online retailing of products to consumers through e-stores Availability of all products is available in one single place through the internet. Using e-commerce application in the finance department to manage a secure shell for the transaction. Customer service management A collection of information and making it useful for market research purpose. E-Commerce Marketing Strategies The marketing strategy of e-bay Australia is highly advanced and based on social media like virtual tools. It uses the mobile optimize technology as its market strategy which reports around 53% of the total mobile traffic in Australia. It generally focuses on customization and sells the product according to the interest of customers (Malik and Prasad 2014, pp.165). It is worth mentioning that E-bay presents great stories for advertising as well as for offering discount schemes to their products that tend to attract customers. Communication with the social media and bloggers to know and share peoples stories and their products is also included in the above-mentioned marketing strategy. For example, the current and latest social media agency employed for marketing at E-bay is We are Social,' which ensure a safe and friendlier paradigm for the customer segment (Bones and Hammersley, 2015). This is reflective of the fact that the prior and solitary objective of this social media is to sh are and advocate the products and stories. E-Commerce Supply Chain Strategy In the todays modern world, the supply chain management handles and operate via the traditional brick and mortar retailers. The platform of e-bay Australia provides a broad range of opportunities to support all types of retailers (Hughes and Beukes, 2012, pp.921). It coordinates between the retail associates and customers with the help of the internet, mobile service, and other services. When a customer visits this online store and places an order for any product, then it contacts its retailers for availability of the product. The product is collected from the inventory of the retailer to E-bay, where again it is delivered to the particular customer through another private agency (outsourcing) or through fixed logistic supply organization (Pranata, Skinner and Athauda, 2013, pp.455). Therefore to manage synchronization in such a comprehensive process, the retailers have to manage real-time access and inventory movement. E-bay has to take requisite care of any misplacement of orders, having multiple numbers of retailers, warehouses and sales channels. This strategy of supply chain at E-bay is managed with ICT (Information and Communication Technology), explained in preceding section. In this process, the customers are also given the freedom to track their product before delivery that gains their confidence and trust on the e-commerce strategy. E-Commerce Security Strategy According to Ha and McGregor (2013) the customers often feel insecure and risky to buy from vendors through online shopping. Due to this insecurity, there are chances of the negative impact of customers engagement with e-commerce strategy. The safety aspect of E-bay Australia provides buyer protection for the Australian as well as abroad customers through security policy which is also available on their homepage. In order to protect their official site from any type of malware attack, several security programs are installed to mitigate the effect of malware. The administrator of E-bay Australia can only perform the administrative task, which is denied for any outsiders to access and accession to customer-prioritized information; which also aids to the security measures (Ha and McGregor, 2013, pp.1). IT Architecture of E-commerce The IT architecture of E-bay Australia is well-versed and making it secure and simpler for the users. It is designed in such a way that it supports faster-loading pages and reduced traffic load during the peak hours or weekends. Software like ICT (information communication technology) has been installed on their website, which helps the customers for tracking and performing transaction matter (Tatnall, 2014, pp.549). The cloud services, which can be operated in Windows, Linux, and devices like iPhone, tab, and smartphone in few minutes. Internal to the organization, the system also enables communication with the vendor, bidding and order collection, logistic feedback, and customer opinion. Additionally, E-bay Australia provides online payment gateway generally through PayPal, MasterCard and also provides the option for cash on delivery (Tatnall, 2014, pp.549). Future Scope of Development Though e-bay Australia is technically well-versed and customers prior choice but still it requires certain improvements and advancements. Most of the customers, especially young customers are impulsive and have no patience to view the inside of the website. There is a chance of skipping the site if the homepage does not attract the customers. Thus, E-bay should focus on the improving the detailing and security of the website, so that the clients can quickly browse and view their desired product (Wang and Zhang, 2013, pp.303). Applications such ASP.NET should be installed to increase functionality, simplicity, and safety (Li, Wu and Lai, 2013, pp.740). It should provide multiple carts for shopping for the convenience of the customers. The cart should design should be such that it should be a user-friendly application, which provides the features to view, delete, or add products to the cart (Xiao and Benbasat, 2014, pp.403). Conclusion In summary, it can be concluded that e-commerce business like E-bay Australia has become the ultimate shopping destination for the present people. It not only helps the customer to buy variety products at one click but also provides a huge platform for the vendors to sell their products at their suitable price. It not only supplements customers requirements but also understands their needs and demands and work accordingly. They also prefer to take customers feedback and views for further improvement. Overall, the report illustrated the e-commerce strategies for managing business environment thereby integrating modules like communication, information management, logistic supply, and feedback collection with internet things.' References: Bertarelli, S., 2015. On the efficacy of imperfect public-monitoring of seller reputation in e-commerce. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 14(2), pp.75-80. Bones, C. and Hammersley, J., 2015. Leading Digital Strategy: Driving Business Growth Through Effective E-commerce. Kogan Page Publishers. Curty, R.G. and Zhang, P., 2013. Website features that gave rise to social commerce: a historical analysis. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(4), pp.260-279. Ha, H. and McGregor, S.L., 2013. Role of Consumer Associations in the Governance of E-commerce Consumer Protection. Journal of Internet Commerce, 12(1), pp.1-25. Hughes, S. and Beukes, C., 2012. Growth and implications of social e-commerce and group buying daily deal sites: The case of Groupon and LivingSocial. The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online), 11(8), p.921. Le-Nguyen, K. and Guo, Y., 2016. Choosing e-commerce strategies: a case study of eBay. vn partnership. Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases, 6(1), pp.1-14. Li, Y.M., Wu, C.T. and Lai, C.Y., 2013. A social recommender mechanism for e-commerce: Combining similarity, trust, and relationship. Decision Support Systems, 55(3), pp.740-752. Malik, M.R. and Prasad, R., 2014. Use of e-Commerce in Carpet Industry. Knowledge Horizons. Economics, 6(3), p.165. Pranata, I., Skinner, G. and Athauda, R., 2013, June. A survey on the usability and effectiveness of web-based trust rating systems. In Computer and Information Science (ICIS), 2013 IEEE/ACIS 12th International Conference on (pp. 455-460). IEEE. Tatnall, A., 2014. ICT, education and older people in Australia: A socio-technical analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 19(3), pp.549-564. Wang, J. and Zhang, Y., 2013. Opportunity model for e-commerce recommendation: right product; right time. In Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval (pp. 303-312). ACM. Xiao, B. and Benbasat, I., 2014. Research on the use, characteristics, and impact of e-commerce product recommendation agents: A review and update for 20072012. In Handbook of Strategic e-Business Management (pp. 403-431). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Accounting and Analysis for Managers-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analysis and Compare the Annual report of TPG Telecom Limited and Telstra Ltd. Answer: Companies Selected TPG Telecom Limited Telstra Ltd Telstra Corporation Limited Telstra corporation is one of the largest telecom and media companies in Australia and offers a variety of services to over 30 million customers. It consists of over 18 million mobile connections, over 6.8mn fixed telephony and over 3 and half a million of fixed broadband customers. It employs little over 14,500 employees and has reached a revenue of over $27 billion in FY 2016 and a net operating profit of over $5.8 billion for the same year. It operates through a number of subsidiary companies newly Foxtel, Telstra media, Pac net and Ooyala etc. Despite facing stiff competition from emerging company named Optus in the early part of 1990s Telstra continues to be the largest telecom operator in Australia and continues to expand into new services(Weygandt, 2014). TPG Telecom Limited TPG Telecom Limitedis one of the emerging telecom and internet service provider in Australia and New Zealand. It is recognized as the second largest ISP in Australia. The company is actively involved in areas such as mobile telephony, ADSL based internet service and fixed lined telecom and broadband services. The TPG Telecom Limited was formed in 2008 through a merger between the Total Peripherals Group and SP Tele media in 2008. As of 2016 the company undertakes networking works along with OEM and accounting software services as well for its clients. It employs a little over 1450 employees and revenue reached approx. $971 million in 2016 and operating profit reached a little over $246 million. It has a no of subsidiaries including the AAPT limited, Agile communications, west net and Net space etc(Wood, 2005). Analysis and Explanation of the depreciation policy of each company and its impact on the profitability of the company. Telstra Corporation Limited Telstra company uses the Straight-line method to depreciate assets of long term nature such as PPE and also the building and leasehold property. The amount of depreciation is calculated by using the assets useful life. The depreciation is estimated form the time the assets are installed and ready to use. Buildings of the company are having an estimated life of 4 to 48 years in 2016 and the other PPE had an useful life term of 4 to 20 years. Communication long term assets of the company are estimated to have useful life of 2 to 57 years and depreciated over the same. Assets which are taken under the regulations of financial lease gets capitalized in the beginning of the terms of lease ( either at fair value of the asset or the PV of the lease payments which is lower) and is then depreciated under the benefits of the Straight-line method(Hoggett, 2011). TPG Telecom Limited TPG Limited company uses the Straight-line method to depreciate assets of long term nature such as PPE and also the building and leasehold property. The amount of depreciation is calculated by using the assets useful life. The depreciation is estimated form the time the assets are installed and ready to use. Buildings of the company are having an estimated life of 40 years in 2016 and Leasehold improvements had a useful life term of 8 years. Network infrastructure of the company are estimated to have useful life of 3-25 years and depreciated over the same period. For the purpose of the estimation of depreciation the residual values of all the long term depreciable assets are reassessed at least once each year. The groups overall PPE increased by $302.3m in 2016 when compared to 2015. There was an increase of $178.4 million of long term assets which was there because of the companys acquisition of the iiNet and capital expenditures were incurred to the tune of $260.8m ad form the same the company made a depreciation adjustment of $136.9m in the last fiscal period(Annual Report TPG, 2016). The benefits of the Straight-line method is that the company is able to assess the amount of deprivation on a continuous basis and the provides consistency to the income statement. Unlike other methods there is less fluctuation in the amount and the depreciation is spread equally over the life term. this makes it possible for the comparison of profitability over a long term a possibility and reality. The Declining balance method is avoided by the two companies because under the Declining balance method the reported income would be lower in the early years of reporting as opposed to the straight-line method and this would not be considered a fir and justifiable practice by most board of directors. Analysis and interpretation of the inventory valuation methods adopted by each company. Telstra Corporation Limited Inventories were reported in the financial statements at $586mn in 2016 and $ 523m in 2015. The finished goods maintained by the company includes the goods which were marked as available for sale and other materials and spare parts kept for use in the construction and maintenance of the telecom equipments in the next 12 months period. The company also has been using the practice of maintaining non-current inventories which is estimated to be sued in the maintenance and repair of the telecom related long term assets beyond a period of 1 year. In estimating the net realizable value, the management of the company has applied the judgement of the relevant managerial personnel in the determination of the NRV by using relevant market assumptions and extending he assumptions into the foreseeable future. The current and existing and future expected technological state has also been assumed and used for this purpose. Other inventory assets have been presented using the weighted average method of inventory valuation(Eisen, 2013). The details of the inventory maintained by the company is as follows: 30.6.2016 30.6.2015 In $ million In $ million Construction work in progress: Contract costs incurred 510 655 Progress billings (391) (561) 119 94 Raw material stocks at cost (current) 113 86 Finished goods (at cost) 228 234 Finished goods recorded at the net realizable value 97 77 438 397 557 491 Non-current: Finished goods recorded at the net realizable value 29 32 586 523 The inventories maintained by the Telstra limited is recognized in the books at the lower of the cost or the net realizable value (less probable selling costs for the same). The costs however are allocated through the Weighted average cost basis. On the other hand, the construction contract related inventories are the work in progress items which are actually recognized at the gross unbilled amounts which would be estimated be collected form the clients later. The gross unbilled amounts are the costs incurred and recognized and the same includes the profit margins and after subtracting the progress billings made so far and any foreseeable loss if any. Both variable expenses any fixed expenses are included in the cost for estimation of the gross unbilled amounts. TPG Telecom Limited The Company reported Inventories worth $12m in 2016. However, being primarily a services company, the company has not kept too much inventory in its books and minimized the same. The inventory of the TPG Telecom Limited is recognized in the books at the lower of the cost or the net realizable value (less probable selling costs for the same)(Cottrell, 2012). Analysis of the intangibles listed within the statement of financial position of each company. Intangible assets are those assets which are non-physical in nature. These assets can be either created in house or they can be acquired through a commercial transaction. For example, brand names can be recognized in the books of a company when it pays for acquiring a rival company or purchases a division of another company. Intangible assets can also be categorized as either definitive in nature or indefinite. For example, the brand name of a company like Telstra would be considered to be the indefinite intangible because it would be there in use as long as the company remains a going concern. However, patents of the company can have a definite life depending upon the life term of the patent after which the same cant be extended. The in-house developed intangible assets cant be amortized by the company concerned. However intangible assets acquitted through purchases etc. would be allowed to be amortized(BAKER CORTRELL, 2011). Telstra Corporation Limited Telstra Limited has 5 different types of intangible assets. Under the indefinite useful life term the company had 1 assets such as goodwill whereas under the definite life term the company has four different intangible assets such as: Software assets Licenses Deferred Expenses Other intangible assets The goodwill recognized by the company is recognized in the financial statements at cost less the relevant accumulated impairment. The details of the goodwill and other intangible assets reported by the Telstra company is as shown in the table below: Goodwill Software assets Licenses Def Expenditures Other Intangibles Total Book value at 1 July 1652 4465 2042 955 218 9332 Additions during the year 2016 0 1194 7 1056 1 2258 acquisition of business 3 1 0 0 4 8 acquisition of controlled entities 61 5 0 0 19 85 impairment losses from continuing operations -246 -4 0 0 0 -250 amortization expense from continuing operations 0 -1003 -168 -868 -27 -2006 amortization expense from discontinued operations 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 disposal through sale of controlled entities -137 -2 0 0 -7 -147 net foreign currency exchange difference 13 3 0 0 3 19 transfers 0 2 -12 0 0 -10 Net book value at 30 June 2016 1346 4660 1869 1143 211 9229 Intangibles at cost 1592 10431 2436 2186 336 16981 Accumulated amortization and impairment -246 -5771 -567 -1043 -125 -7752 The Telstra limited has gone on to recognize an amount of $61 million for goodwill on account of acquisition of the same and which includes $32 million related to acquisition of Readify Limited and $29 million for acquisition of Sliverlining consulting group. During the last year the company has also proceeded to amortize $246 million worth goodwill related to Ooyola holdings group on account of impairment. Total amount of goodwill disposed of includes$130mn related to the Autohome Inc(Annual Report (Telstra), 2016). TPG Telecom Limited TPG has 5 different types of intangible assets. Under the indefinite useful life term the company had 2 assets such as goodwill and brand name whereas under the definite life term the company has three different intangible assets such as: Acquired customer bases Indefeasible rights of use of capacity Other intangible assets The goodwill recognized by the company is recognized in the financial statements at cost less the relevant accumulated impairment. Brand names of the company were recognized by the company as the subsidiary company was acquired. The company valued the amount of the brand names under the Relief form Royalty method. The intangible assets of the company increased in 2016 by an amount of $1,799.6m and the same included an amount of $1,364.9m and an amount of ($316.8m on account of acquired customer base form iiNet and $185m of other intangible assets and Spectrum costs of $20.2 million(Annual Report TPG, 2016). The detailed intangibles of TPG is shown below: (all values in $ million) goodwill brands ACB IRU of capacity Other intangibles Total Balance as of Aug 1,2015 546.1 20.1 247.9 106.4 24 944.5 additions 0 0 0 20.2 27.8 48 Acquisition through Business combinations 1364.9 70.5 316.8 52.3 62.2 1866.7 1911 90.6 564.7 178.9 114 2859.2 Amortization and impairments balance as of Aug 1,2015 0 0 219.1 33.9 5.9 258.9 Amortization for 2016 0 0 74.5 10.6 30 115.1 Balance of July 31, 2016 0 0 293.6 44.5 35.9 374 Balance of July 31, 2016 1911 90.6 271.1 134.4 78.1 2485.2 Acquired customer bases (ACB) Acquired customer bases or the ACB are recognized in the books when the company acquired the subsidiary and estimated the value of the total customer bases on the basis of their future economic benefits that is expected to accrue to the company and the same has been calculated on the basis of the discounted cash flow techniques and shown in the books as definite intangible assets(Atrill Eddie, 2012). Indefeasible rights of use of capacity (IRU) Indefeasible rights of use or IRUs on the basis of the present value of the estimated future cash flows which is estimated to be payable for using the same rights. These assets are used with their fair value at their respective acquisition dates. Other intangible assets Other intangible assets of the TPG includes softwares being used, costs of subscriber acquisition costs, payments made to purchase spectrum, many other licenses being held by the company another expenses incurred to develop income generating services and products. These assets ae shown in the books at cost of acquisition less the amount of amortization etc. the softwares of the company being used is however shown at the amortized replacement value. The intangible assets of the TPG limited has bene amortized in 2016 by an estimated $115.1million of which the last amortization has been with respect to the other intangible assets. The amortization is transferred to the statement of income under the SLM method(Annual Report TPG, 2016). Recommendations Both Telstra and TPG have detailed notes to the financial statements but the depreciation and amortization of the Telstra group is not explained and exhibited in detail. However, the same for TPG has been exhibited and the long term and intangible assets have been explained and exhibited well for last two fiscal periods. Telstra being a larger company has more intangible assets. But the TPG groups failed to explain the details of the inventory recognized in its books since the amount of the inventory is very small TPG being a service provider. However, the exhibits in the Telstra financial statements has been very detailed as to the inventory recognized in the books(Atrill Eddie, 2012). Bibliography Annual Report (Telstra). (2016). Annual Report 2016. Telstra corporation Limited. Annual Report TPG. (2016). Annual Report 2016(TPG). TPG Groups limited. 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